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TIME: Almanac 1990
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1990 Time Magazine Compact Almanac, The (1991)(Time).iso
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1990-09-17
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EDUCATION, Page 56The Plight of Palestinian SchoolsAfter many shutdowns, West Bank students may resume classes
Since the intifadeh began 19 months ago, 572 Palestinians and
36 Israelis have died. But they are not the only casualties:
thousands of young people in the Israeli-occupied West Bank have
suffered a kind of intellectual starvation as a result of shutdowns
of the area's schools. Israeli authorities, charging that the
schools had become hotbeds of political unrest, not only barred
some 330,000 elementary and secondary school children and 17,000
university students from attending courses but even outlawed
private classes and kindergarten. Says Elham, a West Bank English
teacher: "My children do nothing except watch TV or play cards."
This banishment from study, although not the damage it has
caused, may be coming to an end. Yielding to pressure from the U.S.
and its own citizens, the Israeli government decided earlier this
month to reopen a limited number of West Bank schools starting July
22. While the first six elementary school grades and the twelfth
grade were scheduled to resume, the middle grades and West Bank
colleges and universities will remain closed. The decision does not
affect Gaza, where, except for universities and selected elementary
and secondary facilities, most schools have continued to operate
throughout the uprising.
Israel's olive branch to the Palestinians was tentative: West
Bank schools will be allowed to function for a limited 17-week
term, ending in late November. If any school becomes a focus for
violence during that time, it may be shut down. It is likely that
classes will meet in two shifts of only four hours each, which
could help to minimize that possibility.
But both sides seem prepared to make the schools a political
issue again. HAMAS, an Islamic resistance group, last week called
for a general strike in the West Bank that for a time seemed to
threaten the reopening of some schools. Still, human-rights
advocates were cautiously optimistic that Israel's move would
presage a softening of its attitude toward Palestinian education.
"We are delighted," says William Lee, a spokesman for the United
Nations Relief and Works Agency, which cares for Palestinian
refugees. "Our main problem now is to make up for lost time."
Since most West Bank schools were first closed in February
1988, many Palestinian youngsters have hardly seen the inside of
a normal classroom. A generation of six- and seven-year-olds have
been growing up illiterate. Some have studied sporadically at
"underground" schools set up by Palestinian activists in isolated
buildings and mosques. But the risks have been high. "If the
Israeli army finds the place, the teacher will be arrested, the
children will start to run away -- and the army shoots," says
Karemah, a Palestinian mother who refused to send her children to
an illegal class near Bethlehem.
As a consequence of the hiatus, there are now three times as
many first-graders as usual, from those who should have completed
their first year in 1988 to those just starting this year. To help
unclog the system, U.N. relief workers have developed a "crash
course" for Grades 1 through 6 that crams a full 32-week school
year into 20 weeks or less in order to advance as many children as
quickly as possible.
Teachers have also paid a steep price during the suspension of
classes. Starting in January, Israel placed 8,000 teachers employed
by the government (out of a total of 9,300 overall) on half pay.
Even when they are at full salary, these men and women make only
about $4,000 a year, or approximately one-third the average salary
earned by government teachers inside Israel. West Bank professors
fare much better. Despite the fact that higher education has been
closed down since early 1988, they still receive full paychecks,
thanks mostly to oil-rich Arab countries and international
organizations that have donated millions of dollars for the
purpose.
The worst problem created by the Israeli school shutdown,
ironically enough, has been anti-Israeli violence. Without the
routine of the schoolroom, many boys and girls have spent the idle
months caught up in the intifadeh, congregating on street corners
instead of in classrooms. "My first challenge will be trying to
make my students act and behave like students and not like rebels,"
says Ramadan, a teacher in Hebron, just 20 miles from Jerusalem.
To help promote order, the Israeli army has promised to stay clear
of school grounds. But few Palestinians trust the military to keep
its word; fewer still expect the reopening of West Bank schools to
occur without incident. Says a twelfth-grader named Salem: "How can
I forget my schoolmates who were shot dead, injured and arrested
by the Israeli army?"
Despite the measures taken last week, Israeli officials
continue to defend the original decision to shut down the schools
in the West Bank. "The schools were closed not because we wanted
them closed, but because they became a hotbed for violent
activities," says Barukh Binah, spokesman for the Israeli mission
to the U.N. "Each time they were opened, there was violence." For
the sake of the students, most Palestinians and Israelis hope that
will not be the case this time.